These two alphabets were created by
the Japanese out of the kanji that came over from China. They are
phonograms with no inherent meaning. Each one represents one syllable
in the Japanese language. They each represent one and only one
sound.
The Origin of Hiragana
Once kanji were introduced to Japan, the Japanese people began
to read Chinese literature and other texts. They attempted to
write their own language with these foreign characters (man'yogana)
.
Many adaptations and supplements were needed to make it possible
to write Japanese with kanji. Hiragana were one of these. Hiragana
are written after a kanji to modify its meaning and make it
conform to grammatical rules.
During the Heian period (794-1185), Chinese classical literature
was widely read among court nobles and aristocrats. It was
during this period that the first elements of Japanese literature
were written by aristocratic women. These included tanka and
other forms of poetry as well as prose. These women did not
like the rigid forms of the man'yogana. They developed simplified versions of these characters that
could be written in a free-flowing style. These first hiragana
were called onnade, which literally means "women's hands".
Tanka and other forms of literature were for the most part
written by women. Thus it became customary to write them entirely
in hiragana.
The Origin of Katakana
Katakana were formed by using one part of those kanji that were
used as man'yogana.
Since they are pictograms, most kanji have a complex composition.
When the system of using kanji as man'yogana to write Japanese
was first devised in the 9th century, the original forms of the
kanji were used. These were too complicated for use as a phonetic
writing system. As time passed the characters were revised. They
were standardized in the 10th century and called katakana.
Unlike hiragana which are used in conjunction with kanji, katakana
are used independently. Their main use is for writing words that
have entered the Japanese language from foreign languages. They
are also frequently used in advertising and sometimes to replace
very complicated kanji.